LTE Cat 1bis Explained: The Future of IoT Connectivity

So hello, everyone. Thank you so much for joining us today. My name is Emma Walsh, and I’m the senior marketing manager here at Taoglas. So today’s webinar will focus on LTE Cat 1bis and how it’s emerging as a key enabler for IoT applications. Here’s a quick look at today’s agenda. So we’ll begin with Soracom, who’ll kick things off. Then we’ll have Sequans who’ll provide an overview of LTE Cat 1bis, including expert insights on how to address single receiver challenges. Then Taoglas will present key information on certification requirements and tenant performance optimization and integration best practices. So finally, we’ll close with a summary of key takeaways and open the floor for your questions during a live q and a session. So I’m just gonna run through some housekeeping before we start. This webinar is being recorded, and we’ll share a link to view the on demand recording afterwards via email. If you need to talk to us during the webinar or if you have any questions or issues during the presentation, you can write to us using the chat function. We have set aside time for a q and a. If you have a question, please submit it via the q and a box, and we’ll try to answer all of your questions live today. But if we run out of time, don’t worry. We will follow-up with your questions separately, once the webinar ends. So now to introduce our speakers today, I know we’re all very excited to hear their expert insights on today’s topic. So joining us today is Imad, product marketing director with Sequans, alongside Baha Badran, head of engineering at Taoglas, and Nicola, strategic partnerships manager with Soracom. So our first speaker today is Nicola. I’m now gonna pass it over to Nicola. Thank you so much. Thank you, Emma. Hopefully, everyone can hear me well. So I am Nicolas Lesconnec, partnership manager at Soracom. For those who may not know us, we are a Japanese company with global presence, both in Europe and North America. And our expertise is offering IoT connectivity and connectivity management services. And as you can tell from the cover slide, our core connectivity expertise is on cellular, including Cat 1bis. Yes. So the key pillar of what of what Soracom provides is the connectivity, so, basically, a SIM card and a data plan, using various radio access technologies from legacy networks, such as two g, three g, LTE CAT one, CATM or NB-IoT for low power networks, and Cat 1bis as we see today as an alternative for several use cases. And we also provide some other additional connectivities when relevant to the customer, be it for very low data usage or satellite coverage. So this is the core of what we provide, but, of course, we’re only one piece of the puzzle. And usually, as, an IoT solution, designer or provider, you need to put together different pieces of that puzzle starting with the hardware, where we leverage the expertise of our partner network globally. So including companies such as Sequans and Taoglas that will be able to provide you with the right knowledge, the right services, the right product to build an efficient, solution. And we also provide a range of services on the cloud side, basically helping you build secure data management, data ingestion pipeline, segregated traffic, secure remote access, everything needed to build an efficient and secure IoT solution. So a couple key numbers, the first one is what we provide is global coverage. Imad from Sequans might be able to explain to you later on what global truly means when we speak about IoT connectivity. But all over the different radio access technologies available, we can provide coverage almost everywhere in the world to our customers today. And most of the time, especially in metro markets providing multi carrier service, making sure that you can benefit from the best network locally to power your solution, be it moving assets or stationary assets. Again, depending on what you do. And another key number for us is highlighting how we put the customer at the center of everything we do at Soracom, making sure that people that work with Soracom stay with Soracom as their business and their deployments grow. And part of the effort that we do, so beyond the usual customer service and customer support, is making sure we can put you in touch with the right people to help you design your solution, improve or redesign depending on which stage you are. So as you would see today, even if Cat 1bis is a great technology and will help a lot of the use cases that you plan to deploy, there are still pitfalls to avoid and that’s where we make sure that you have the right people to talk to early on to make sure you make the right choices, to have a successful application. You will be able to see that our customers, are across almost all industries. So be it, as I said, moving assets or logistics, telematics, asset tracking in all its flavors as well as more stationary use cases could be utilities, industrial IoT, agriculture, but you also have remote patient monitoring, payments services, Basically, everything that needs to communicate, either to extract data from the physical world or to relay information back and act on the ground is something we support. But as there is no one size fits all in the world of telecommunications, that’s where we make sure we can help you understand and decide if, for your design, is LTE the best choice, is LTE Cat 1bis the best choice, or is it CAT m and the IoT, and so on and so on depending on what you need to do, what you can afford on the hardware side, and where you need your devices to be deployed. So there are a lot of pieces, needed to build this LEGO set, let’s say. And we are here to make sure you find the best partners and the best information to build it. So if we zoom into Cat 1bis and why at Soracom we think it’s a great choice. So as I said, no one size fits all. LTE Cat 1bis will offer you a lot of advantages, such as energy efficiency, maybe not as much efficient as narrowband IoT, for example, but we’ll also provide you global coverage, meaning that you can start using it globally now without waiting for future rollouts that may or may not happen. So if you need a global deployment, and again, Imad will tell a bit more about global, then Cat 1bis can be a great choice for you. And it will help you also have easier integration. I did not dare write easy. Let’s stick to easier, and Baha from Taoglas will explain to you how there are still a lot of design constraints, to make sure that you have a well performing device, but it will still be easier than other network technologies. You only need a single antenna, for example, and lots of things we are going to cover today. Long story short, that makes CAT one this a great fit, especially for battery powered applications that need global coverage and and or that don’t fit well into the constraints you would have with a low powered network such as LT CAT m or narrowband. So this is about Soracom. I’d be happy to jump into more details in the questions. But now is the right time to hand it over to you, Imad, to, explain a bit more from a module point of view and a chipset point of view what Cat 1bis is about. Thank you very much, Nicolas, and hello, everyone. So I’m Imad Mikaiel, product marketing, director at Sequans. And the next the next slide, please. Yes. Thank you. So for those who don’t know Sequans, I mean, Sequans is a, chipset. We are a semiconductor company, fabless. We don’t do we don’t have our own fabs. We do our own chipsets, and we do our own modules. We are about two hundred people across the globe headquartered in Paris. The company established in two thousand and three. We started with WiMAX. We moved to LTE when my WiMAX ended. And, indeed, LTE, I mean, we are we have product shipping. And today, we are focusing, on the future, let’s say, on the next next generation, which is the five g, like, Redcap and Redcap. So just to to to to go back to to what Nicolas was saying, I mean, there’s no one solution that fits all. The beauty since the introduction of LTE, from the beginning, from the inception, they took into consideration that, no solution can fit all. So there are different needs. There are different, IoT, let’s say. There are different, demands, whether on energy side, I mean, how much energy they do do need, but also the pricing and, of course, the throughput that it needs. So this picture or this slide shows, how it fits together. And by the way, it’s showing both today’s four g and the transition to future five g because when we talk today about five g, sometimes there are mixtures between e m b and other stuff. So where we are going to focus today is definitely the LTE cat one slash Cat 1bis and which is why we put them all together. While you can see on on the lower end, the LTE-M and NB-IoT, and and from the cat one, basically, we can start serving, applications going up to ten megabits and so on and so on until category twenty six, which can gives one gigabit, etcetera. So and the future, let’s say, of this one day, that that will happen is the five g and our eRedCap, which will be the transition of this. It’s not the topic today, but it’s, let’s say, just to give some perspective to to to to this slide. So why Cat 1bis and where does it come from? Indeed, I mean, as I mentioned, there was the definition of the cat one, which is serving to ten megabit. But also after that, came the CAT one CAT m and and the IoT, which were serving, let’s say, the lower end or low throughput with very good energy saving, schemes for the applications. So the Cat 1bis is really the, let’s say, the combination of all the ideas that come between CAT one and FDM, NB-IoT. And you can see I mean, it has been decided in, release fourteen. So meaning it came after the definition of the of the LTE-M NB-IoT and LTE-M. And if we look at the numbers, in reality, it’s taking nearly everything exactly the same as the CAT one. So it’s a kind of a CAT one with some small modifications, and the major modification is to make it single antenna officially. Meaning, we we it is recognized as a single antenna solution inspired from the CAT m, let’s say, or from the NB-IoT. And, of course, I mean, the low power also is, coming from the CAT m. But why do we need this solution? Actually, I mean, all these applications can be served with the Cat 1bis. I mean, whether, smart smart meters, especially in electric meters because they need more, throughput, smart aggregators, telematics, connected audio because there are more throughput compared to CAT m. So it’s it’s, I mean, there are very long list of applications that can be served with the Cat 1bis. So here is really a snapshot of the kind of applications. When I put home security video, indeed, it’s not the streaming, with the with the, full full definition. It’s really a some some, let’s say, because we are limited with ten megabits. So but, indeed, I mean, it can some we have some customers using the Cat 1bis for home security, sending video over. So I’m going back to the to the globality, let’s say, or why the CAT one based solution? Why don’t we stick to the CAT m and NB-IoT despite we as we mentioned about the the throughput? Here is a snapshot coming from GS and I about the split between the the the how the world is split between LTE-M and narrowband IoT. Or let’s say, some places there are LTE-M only, some places there are narrowband IoT only, and some places they have both. So indeed, as you can see, it’s a little bit difficult to shift to everywhere with a single solution. The beauty of Cat 1bis that I didn’t mention is Cat one base is an LTE. Meaning, wherever we have a four g LTE, network available, this solution can work there without any change on the network. There is no specific support from the network side to support the Cat 1bis. So this is really again, I mean, they are we are not competing. I mean, Cat 1bis is not competing with CAT-M. It’s really the the let’s say the continuity of the, of the CAT-M, and the IoT, especially that we are we have some similarities in in behavior and in power consumption. So going back to the one antenna because, indeed, I mean, people knew the CAT one earlier, which was a two antenna. There’s no MIMO support on the CAT one, but it has two receivers channels. So, indeed, when you when you talk to experts and you say I’m going to remove one antenna, the first thing they would think about is the minus three dB that would they would lose because of the second antenna. So, indeed, what we did by design for with our Cat one base was to take that into consideration and make everything necessary on the hardware side since we own both the chipset and the module. So from there, we built a solution which is not losing much. And here, this table will show the comparison between our, get one, with two RX and our, get one base with the one RX. As you can see, I mean, the most impacted is the band thirteen where there are about one point five dB, difference between between the two, which is quite good because we expect, usually, people can expect up to three dB. I mean, with the logic of the math, say, three dB. And one thing also need that we need to to keep in mind that most of the time, in urban areas, the the the the deployment is, suffering from the interference rather than the reach. So that one point five dB won’t, won’t hurt much. So there are some comparison with other existing solution having, two r x and one r x, And we are quite happy with the results that we have on our existing module that any customer can measure by himself on on the on the feed. So before I leave the floor to Baha, just few words about indeed I mean, to when we need to have a design, that design has to be healthy somehow. Meaning, indeed, if the design itself is not healthy, the antenna will not be able to fix that issue because it is I mean, when I say healthy, meaning when testing this hardware in front of a testing equipment with a cable, at least it have the correct, levels. So what we do at Sequans to help our customers having this kind of solution, where it’s first of all our deliverables whether from datasheet or from, the module integration guide would give some hints what to do, what to do, etcetera, etcetera, and and the design checklist to to to help customers following some logic and to to avoid some mistakes. And, after that we they can give us their hardware and sorry. The the our the late, the schematics and layout review. It’s a it’s a let’s say two ways working where they submit to us and then we correct and then then we send it back, until everything is clean. And from there, we also offer some, RF testing and screening in our house just to make sure that the prototype is is working fine. And from there, I give the floor to Baha. And again, like like, Nicolas said, I mean, if you have questions, please feel free to ask them at the end of Thank you. Thank you, Imad. Nice to meet everybody. My name is Baha Badran. I’m the, head of engineering at Taoglas. Taoglas is a global company, headquartered in Ireland and USA. We have presence, all over the world with our offices and engineering support in USA in in Ireland, Taiwan, and India. So all our offices have in and engineering teams and equipment to support you all over the world. We specialize in RF and antennas. We also have or sell, magnetics and audio products. Speaking today, today, we’re gonna talk about Cat 1bis, as we’re gonna see in the next slide, and, you know, what it means for you in terms of antenna selection, and, as the team said, how many antennas you can you can use, etcetera. So things you need to know, as a green, you need one antenna, which is better than cat one and above. You where you need two antennas. So as we see on on on the right hand side, the, you’re saving space already. So in also, in addition to saving space, you’re gonna gain more, you know, space on the PCB and also having less, routing or layout you need to do on your PCB. Meaning, if you have a radio module with and you need to use two antennas, you need to think about your Rx antenna, for example, or diversity antenna to have, let’s say, a long transmission line, which can be, really a real problem in in in many cases. Where with Cat 1bis, you are moving into a single antenna. It means your radio module can be, close to the antenna, and the transmission, is, quite short. So easier integration, definitely. So, also, the things you need to consider is, certification. Okay? So if we look at, for example, the US, and we we take a deep dive into that in the next few slides, if you look at the US, then, yes, for North America, you need to have certification. If you are thinking to use your product globally, then you may not need to go through a cellular certification. So it depends on the, what you’re gonna use, or where you’re gonna use your product. So Cat 1bis follows also CAT, one when it comes to certification, detailed in North America. It’s different to CAT m one and m b IoT certification requirements, so it’s just something to keep in mind. So for example, for Catamaran and MB IOT, if you are using or developing a product that is smaller than a hundred and seven millimeter, yeah, called AT and T requirement here, then you you may get some, an easier approach to to meet the certification requirement. In in other words, your antenna efficiency or performance can be less. Now the only difference really and can be big difference when it comes to integration that you for North America, you need to target higher cat one performance requirements. So it’s it can make a difference, and we will see later what it what impacts it has. So this applies to embedded antennas, where if you are planning to use an external antenna, with a cable longer than twenty centimeters, then you don’t need to worry too much about PTCRB certification in in the US. So as we will see in the next slide, speaking of certification, so what requirements you have to meet? This is a high level overview for if you are developing any, wireless, device. So first, you need to think about regulatory certification. For example, in the US, you have FCC. In Europe, CE. So you need to think about, EMC testing, RF safety, including SAR, certain basic functionalities. This is what everybody has to do. The next level up, of course, is the industry cellular certification. It’s if we take PTCRB in the US, this is where they start focusing about some testing related to the network, as listed here. And and the focus, in this case, in the US, they start thinking more about over the air measurements where you need to look at the radio system performance. That includes the radio module plus the antenna. And the next level after that, of course, is the carrier certification where they they need to do further tests, and you need to consult with your carrier, whether it’s AT and T, Verizon, T Mobile, or others. This is they have specific requirements. Again, radio module and antenna performance is crucial in in North America to meet these requirements. So speaking of over the air requirement, as we will see in the next slide, we, there are two main parameters, we need to care about. First one is TRP or total radiated power, which equates to the, the output power coming from the radio module plus the antenna efficiency. So output power usually is around three twenty three dBm for power plus three. So you need to think about tolerance there, but then it’s the efficiency that could vary, too much. So you need to, when I say efficiency, it’s the antenna efficiency. So you need to control that antenna efficiency to ensure it’s always meeting the requirement. So the antenna efficiency for lower bands, for example, needs to be thirty two percent and above. For higher bands, needs to be fifty percent and above in North America. So if if, paying attention to antenna integration is a key. And in the next slide, we will look at the TIS, which is the total isotropic sensitivity. And this is, TRP is on the transmitter side. TIS, it’s on the receiver side. So we need to make sure we are receiving the signal. And this metric is used to, see how good the system performance is. So TIS equals the, you need to look at the conductive receive sensitivity plus the antenna efficiency. Another parameter is the noise being, you know, induced or transmitted by your electronics. So it’s important to pay attention to this as we will see in the next few slides. So this is an example of over the air test requirements for LTE bands. So we can see LTE cap one plus or and LTE cap one BIS share pretty much the same requirements. And the LTE cap m one, or NB IoT for smaller form factor do not apply, anymore. So these are numbers taken from AT and T requirements. We can see the, the band numbers and what TRP and TIS, limits that you have to meet. As I said, it’s the output conducted power plus the antenna efficiency. So we really need to pay attention to the antenna efficiency and see how we can maintain the best possible performance. So showing this requirement, and we have a link there. You can look at the all the bands and in more details, but, really, these are the numbers you have to meet. So let’s talk about the antenna integration tabs in in the next slide. So, antenna integration is a key. Focus here will be on the embedded antennas because they are harder to integrate. So we look at couple of examples, the things, you need to focus on, and and let’s look at these key considerations. So when you are developing a wireless device, you need to have a printed circuit board. This printed circuit board, act as a, a ground plane for your antenna. Then the antenna itself, as we can see, it has a keepout area. That area needs to be kept clear of any metal, any, copper on the PCB. And, also, the other thing, also, you need to keep it away from metal as much as possible. The ground plane is really crucial to have the right antenna performance, and it’s usually it’s defined to be quarter wavelength, in terms of electrical size. So it really depends on on your frequency of operation. So if you’re looking to as we will see in the next next slide, we were putting couple of examples showing the electrical length or the PCB length as well for to to operate at certain bands. So for a frequency, let’s say, band twelve at six hundred ninety nine or seven hundred megahertz, we quarter wavelength is around a hundred and seven millimeters. On the graph on the right, you can see why when we change the ground plane length or the PCB length, what we can see is, the antenna efficiency drops in the lower bands between seven hundred and nine hundred megahertz. It doesn’t get affected in the higher bands, band two and four, because it’s again, as as we said, it’s you need to look at the wavelength equation, the speed of light over frequency. So this is really something important to keep in mind. The other thing also important is proximity to metal. So antenna is made out of metal. It’s simply you know, we shape it in a way to to give us allow it to transmit and receive a signal. So putting it next to a metal object, that’s gonna cause, distortion to our fields and affects the antenna performance. And in this, slide, we will see the antenna on the left hand side being very close to the antenna. We will see quite reduction in the antenna efficiency. And as we move the antenna away from the metal objects, we see improvements in performance. As a general rule, we usually recommend to have more than twenty millimeters of clearance between the antenna and the, like, let’s say, metal object, like a big connector, or, you know, a battery, something like that. The other important part is in impedance matching. So make sure when you design your, transmission line, ensure it’s fifty ohm. And ensure you have matching components available to match the transmission line of the radio module to your antenna to ensure all the power coming from or through the antenna, or through the antenna is, you know, get most of it gets to where it should be. So the other thing also, if if you get really a good matching or return loss in this case, and you don’t still have done or you don’t have good coverage still, it’s it means you have some issue with the antenna performance. So not a good return a good return loss is not always a good sign. Next slide, please. The focus we spoke mostly on the TX side and the antenna integration. But as we discussed earlier, TIS or, excuse me, total isotropic sensitivity is a very important, subject. So, noise is a key, parameter here that could affect your system, ability to receive signal. And so electromagnetic noise, often caused by, you know, power supplies or voltage converters, can transmit or emit signal. And the antenna itself will be able to receive that signal easily, unfortunately, because it’s it’s designed to work at a certain frequency. And if your power supply transmit at that frequency, then that will cause a self interference. So how to mitigate for certain noises? A common noise, supply here would be the, switches, switch mode power supplies. So there are certain techniques that you need to follow. For example, ensure you have, tighten, or tight switching loops in your PCB, and make sure switching loops has clean and clear return path. And also think about shielding as well. Some few tips here we are adding, but, again, you know, adding high frequency capacitors also to both input and output parts to minimize broadband noise here would significantly help. So pay attention to power supplies. To be honest, nine out of ten TIS issues is because of the, power supply design strategies. Another important, way to mitigate noise is shielding. So consider shielding. I know it adds a little bit of cost, but it could save you, a lot of hassle. It could improve your coverage, and, also, it could help with the, your battery the device battery life. So consider shielding around high frequency digital electronics. Also, you know, minimize opening and gaps, in the shield. If you have multiple metal components in your device, think how you’re gonna connect them together as well to the main PCB. All that will help with the with the reception. Now, that’s the end of my slides, but at Taoglas, we have the the teams to support with, with the antenna selection and integration. Visit our website for, for the full details and see how we can help. Thank you. And I’ll hand it over to Nicolas for the to talk about takeaways. Thank you, Baha. So, yeah, First key takeaway takeaway, I may take them in random order, but I think what something key is to plan and test early on, especially considering all that Ba and Ima just explained to, to you. And hopefully, I’m not the one that did not understand all the technical details about antenna and matching. And I think nobody can can control one hundred percent of the IoT solution design. So one of the key takeaways, make sure that you get surrounded by the right experts to help you reach this level of performance, from your device to your your cloud application. So other takeaways of course is that Cat 1bis is a very useful technology to help you breach those coverage gaps by providing broader connectivity thanks to that existing compatibility with the already operating four gs networks, making it a key enabler for a wide range of applications. Imad gave us quite a lot of examples whenever you need reliable connectivity, mobility, efficiency at a power management level without getting into too much hardware and antenna complexity, then Cat 1bis is a great choice for you. And so I would say key takeaway for today is understanding that you have the right partners to help you, be Taoglas to help navigate complexities both of antenna design or antenna choice as well as all the certifications concerns that you need to consider very early on. Sequans as a chipset and module partner that can help you have the right solution for Cat 1bis but as well for other network technologies existing and future, again depending on your on your needs and constraints. And Soracom, of course, as I explained, we are here to help you pick the right solution, the right network solution, but as well the right hardware solutions and partners to help you either build your own custom, parts or buy them from trusted partners. I tried to go fast with those key takeaways, Emma. I hope we still have time. Thank you so much, Nicolas. Yeah. Because I was gonna say we have three minutes for questions, and we have a lot of questions coming through. So we might actually just even run over for an extra five minutes, and anything that we haven’t followed up with, we will do so, when the webinar ends. So the first question is, so the first question is, will LTE Cat 1bis be replaced by REDCap? Who wants to take that question? I can take it. Actually, I mean, it it, this question goes, back to the slide where I showed the technologies. And if you remember that one, actually, I mean, the REDCap as REDCap is a continuity for CAT four and above, CAT four, CAT six, because it’s delivering, much more, throughput to about one hundred and fifty, megabit per second, even more, While, actually, the real, follow-up for Cat 1bis or CAT one Cat 1bis is the e rate cap, which is enhanced rate cap, which is having equivalent to Cat 1bis, throughput and, of course, same targets in, let’s say, in pricing and in, in power consumption. Okay. Thank you so much, and, okay. So the next question actually is one for you, Baha, which I think maybe there might have been a little misunderstanding on the certification slide. So it’s why do you assume that outside of the USA certification might not be required? Well, we we are when we say certification, we the focus would be, carrier certifications. So it’s you still need to have CE certification, of course. But, for example, if we take Europe, the carriers on Europe don’t force certification or to use their network, unlike USA or North America. So this is the little confusion, but, for example, you could go to another region, like China or Japan. So they have specific requirements still. But North America tends to be the more the clearest and the the the most stringent when it comes to carrier certification. So apology for the misunderstanding. The the certification here is focused on on, or meant to be on carrier certification. Yeah. Thanks, Baha. So another question that’s come through. Is Cat 1bis support available in LTE carriers in the US, like Verizon, AT and T, T Mobile, US cellular, and LTE carriers worldwide? Maybe I can You would like to take that. Yeah. I like it. Well, as we also, as we mentioned earlier, Cat 1bis is nothing else besides a CAT one with a single antenna. I mean, from a from a protocol or from so from the carrier side, there is nothing really needed to to to to put in place in order to support the Cat 1bis. So wherever you have an LTE available network available, Cat 1bis is by default supported anywhere on the planet. This is the beauty of Cat 1bis, by the way. Thanks, Imad. The next question is also for you, actually. So it’s regarding the Sequans modem. Is it in the roadmap to support Ethernet PDU with REDCap? We announced, in, in the, publicly, our next generation. And our next generation is a continuity of of the Cat 1bis, let’s say, which is a dual mode, Cat 1bis eRedCap, which is under under design. That’s it. Okay. Thank you. Then there’s another question here. This one’s for you, Baha. Does Cat 1bis perform better than CAT one with no diversity antenna? I think Imad, touched on this in his slides. So, from having having two antennas with a diversity antenna, you will have, you have two antennas receiving signals from two two different places. So you’re gonna have better throughput as we saw also from the numbers. So, but we we understand sometimes a lot of customers tend to have limitation to put two antennas on the system. So in the US, sometimes they go and apply for a waiver from the carrier to add one antenna instead of two for cat one. But this is an additional process. Having the Cat 1bis allow them to have such, freedom, really. Now you can use the module, and you don’t need to worry about waivers or anything. So think about Cat 1bis. It’s it’s an improved CAT m one. That’s how I think about it. So you still have access to better data rate. And also in terms of antenna performance, you should still have adequate performance. But, anyway, it’s really the application that drives the the use case, why you need CAT one or Cat 1bis or CAT one CAT four. So, actually, that leads on quite well to the next question, which is also for you, Baha. I’m looking to use Cat 1bis inside my asset tracking device instead of CAT m one. Would I be able to certify that in the US? The the the answer to this is is, of course, you can, but the the you need to we or when you design your product for example, let’s say, if we are designing IoT device, these devices tend to be quite small. They they do have CAT m one cellular technology on them usually. So with that, as I said, if your device is smaller than a hundred and seven millimeters according to AT and T, you could actually have around eight dB difference in performance and ten efficiency at least, compared to a CAT one device. So you get eight dB differences quite a lot and will make things easier. But if you are moving to Cat 1bis, then, actually, you don’t have this option anymore. So you need to make sure your antenna efficiency is still high. But for that, you you may need to find another way to improve the antenna efficiency, and that could also require making your device bigger or the ground plane or the PCB bigger to compensate for any performance reduction. K. Thanks, Baha. And I think we have time for one more question because I know we are running over, and then we’ll follow-up with with any unanswered questions when when the webinar ends. This one is for you, Imad. And they’re saying, can we do chipset on board design with your solution? Definitely. Yes. I mean, the answer is yes as I mean, to answer to the question, yes, indeed. I mean, nothing, we can always do a chip chipset design onboard. The thing is, I mean, we do the modules to take, let’s say, all the certification ahead of the, the cost and and the effort to do the certification ahead of the customer. Because once you do, the chipset onboard, you have to redo all the certifications, not only the antenna. I mean, everything. So, it is much more, it will require effort, and and, it would be much more costly for for the customer who will do that. Okay. Thank you so much, Imad. And, yeah, thank you so much to everyone for joining. Thank you so much to our speakers. And if you do have any additional questions, please feel free to get in touch via our websites or our you can reach out to our speakers directly, and their contact details are on slide. And we’ve also included a handout on platforms, so you’d be able to download the presentation directly. I see a few questions. They’re asking if the webinar is gonna be available on demand. It will via email. And and, yeah, thank you so much everyone for joining. Hope you have a wonderful rest of your day, and we’ll hopefully see you soon for the next one. Bye. Thank you.